Key muscles of the hip : The gluteus maximus can be seen at the top, cut away to expose the underlying muscles. Muscles in the gluteal group are superficially located and act mainly to abduct and extend the thigh at the hip. The muscles of the lateral rotator group are deeply located and as the name suggests, act to laterally rotate the thigh at the hip. All of the lateral rotator group muscles originate from the pelvis and attach to the femur. The iliacus and psoas major comprise the iliopsoas group and can be seen at the pelvis and lower spine.
The five muscles of the adductor group are responsible for the adduction of the thigh, although several have additional functions. Learning Objectives Differentiate among the muscles involved in moving the hip joint. Key Points The gluteus maximus extends the hip, while the gluteus medius and minimus are involved in hip rotation and abduction moving hip out from the midline. The adductor group adductor brevis, longus, and magnus along with petineus and gracilis moves the femur towards the midline from an abducted position.
The iliopsoas group of muscles iliacus and psoas major is responsible for hip flexion. The lateral rotator group of muscles externus and internus obturators, the piriformis, the superior and inferior gemelli, and the quadratus femoris turns the anterior surface of the femur outward.
This motion is aided by the gluteus maximus and the adductor magnus. Key Terms adductor group : The adductor brevis, adductor longus, adductor magnus, pectineus, and gracilis. Gluteal Group Key muscles of the hip : The gluteus maximus can be seen at the top, cut away to expose the underlying muscles. Gluteus Maximus : The gluteus maximus is the largest of the gluteal muscles and gives structure to the buttocks.
Attachments: Originates from the posterior of the pelvis and coccyx tailbone and attaches to the femur. Actions: Extends of the thigh and assists with rotation. Gluteus medius arises from this part of the ilium. The last of the abductors is called the tensor fascia lata.
Before we look at it, we need to digress for a minute, and get acquainted with the structure that gives it its name, the fascia lata. The fascia lata is a continuous sheet of dense fibrous tissue that surrounds all the muscles of the thigh. The ilio-tibial tract extends all the way from here on the ilium, down to here, on the tibia.
Between the muscles is a strong fibrous septum, which attaches the ilio-tibial tract to the femur. At its lower end, the ilio-tibial tract is attached down here on the tibia. The three hip abductors move the limb to the side.
When the foot is on the ground the hip abductors, pulling down on the ilium, raise the opposite side of the pelvis up. The muscles that sit around the side of the hip are called the hip abductor muscles. Their main functions are to move your leg out away from the midline of your body abduction and to anchor your pelvis to your femur when standing on one leg. This allows you to keep your pelvis fairly level and maintain your balance. The trochanteric bursa is involved with these layers.
Gluteus minimus smallest muscle , which joins into the hip joint capsule and is thought to have an important role in supporting this joint. It runs from the outer side of the pelvis to its anchor-point on the femur greater trochanter see below. Gluteus medius middle sized muscle , which also joins the pelvis to the top of the femur greater trochanter and is one of the main muscles that helps control pelvic position see below. The upper part of the gluteus maximus largest gluteal muscle and the tensor fascia lata TFL muscle.
These muscles create their effect at the lateral hip through their connections to a long fibrous band that runs down the outside of the hip, thigh and knee, called the iliotibial band ITB see below.
With all these muscles gluteus minimus, gluteus medius, gluteus Maximus and TFL and their tendons moving over each other and the underlying bones, a number of small flat, fluid-filled cushions bursae are present, to help everything slide freely. The main bursae are the trochanteric bursa, the subgluteus medius bursa and the subgluteus minimus bursa.
Inflammation of these bursa is often referred to as trochanteric bursitis. Acute muscle tears or strains occur in the hip abductor muscles most frequently in the gluteus maximus and gluteus medius muscles and occasionally in the tensor fascia lata muscle. This is more likely to occur during rapid sidestepping or change of direction when running.
The tibiofemoral joint is relatively weak and easily damaged, so it relies on muscles and ligaments to ensure stability. When the knee is fully extended the femur rotates slightly on the tibia to lock the joint into place, allowing for efficient load bearing.
The patella is the attachment point for the quadriceps femoris muscle and is the attached by a ligament to the tibia.
This increases the leverage afforded to the quadriceps femoris muscle, thus increasing its efficiency when extending the lower leg. The patella additionally protects the knee joint from damage. The patellofemoral has two key functions: increasing leverage of the quadriceps tendon to improve muscle stability and protecting the knee joint from damage.
Muscles that generate movement across the knee are mainly located in the thigh and can be split into anterior and posterior compartments. Posterior view of muscles of the lower leg, the popliteus can be seen at the top located behind the knee.
There are four muscles in anterior region of the thigh. The pectineus and iliopsoas muscles are responsible for movement at the hip and are discussed elsewhere. There are three muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh: the biceps femoris and two synergistic muscles the semitendinosus and semimembranosus. These muscles are sometimes termed the hamstring group.
The posterior region of the thigh displays similarity with the anterior region of the upper arm in both structure and function. Movement at the ankle is controlled by two joints. The ankle or talocrural joint is formed from the tibia and fibula of the lower leg and talus of the foot.
Functionally, it acts as a hinge, allowing dorsiflexion pulling the foot upwards towards the lower leg and plantarflexion pulling the foot downwards away from the lower leg. Eversion tilting of the sole of the foot away from the midline and inversion tilting of the sole of the foot inwards towards the midline is controlled by the subtalar joint formed between the talus and calcaneus bones of the foot.
The ankle joint is held in place by numerous strong ligaments that can be easily damaged when excessive force is placed on the ankle, particularly during strenuous inversion and eversion. Movement at the ankle is key for maintenance of posture and balance, but is most important in locomotion. Variation in muscle activation can control the movement of the ankle joint, allowing the foot to generate graduated force. Muscles that generate movement at the ankle are generally found in the lower leg and can be split into three categories.
Three muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg act to dorsiflex and invert the foot at the ankle joint. Several muscles are located in the posterior compartment of the leg, typically grouped into superficial and basal groups.
The majority of these muscles work to plantarflex the foot at the ankle. Two muscles found in the lateral compartment function to control eversion of the foot. Physiologically, there is a preference for the foot to invert, so these muscles also prevent excessive inversion.
The foot plays a fundamental role in maintaining upright walking posture and balance, so it must provide a strong base while allowing for small, accurate movements. The foot can be split into dorsal and plantar compartments, the latter of which contains significantly more muscles. Although many extrinsic muscles attach within the dorsal compartment, there are only three intrinsic muscles which act on the foot and two extrinsic muscles which act on the foot rather than the ankle. The muscles of the plantar compartment play a key role in stabilizing the arch of the foot and controlling the digits, providing the necessary strength and fine movements to maintain balance and posture and promote walking.
Plantar View of Foot : The muscles, tendons, and ligaments of the sole of the foot with flexor digitorum brevis shown in red. Privacy Policy. Skip to main content. Muscular System. Search for:.
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