Which innovation directly led to the first city states

As agriculture became better established, a surplus of food allowed population to grow. A larger population required more sophisticated systems of organization, which led to the first city-states. History , Which innovation directly led to the development of the first city-states?

Answers: 2. Answer from: makayla Irrigation system directly led to the development of city states. Answer from: anrs Answer from: jrenwick Irrigation Explanation: One of the innovations that most directly led to the development of the first city-states was that of irrigation. Answer from: hixcatt Agricultural development. Once people could farm and produce their own food in one place, they began to settle around their farms.

Answer from: cameronkoberste. Answer from: theylovelillexx It was primarily the development of agriculture that led to the development of the first city states, since this allowed for there to be a surplus of food, which allowed people to have labor specialization. Another question on History. How were the okanogan highlands formed? Why did justanian believe it was important to establish a goverment guided by weighed laws. Although some exurbs are quite wealthy even compared to nearer suburbs or the city itself, others have higher poverty levels than suburbs nearer the city.

This may happen especially where commuter towns form because workers in a region cannot afford to live where they work and must seek residency in another town with a lower cost of living.

Sociologists have posited many explanations for counterurbanization, but one of the most debated is whether suburbanization is driven by white flight. The term white flight was coined in the mid-twentieth century to describe suburbanization and the large-scale migration of whites of various European ancestries, from racially mixed urban regions to more racially homogeneous suburban regions.

During the first half of the twentieth century, discriminatory housing policies often prevented blacks from moving to suburbs; banks and federal policy made it difficult for blacks to get the mortgages they needed to buy houses, and communities used restrictive housing covenants to exclude minorities. White flight during this period contributed to urban decay, a process whereby a city, or part of a city, falls into disrepair and decrepitude. Symptoms of urban decay include depopulation, abandoned buildings, high unemployment, crime, and a desolate, inhospitable landscape.

More recently, the concept has been extended to newer forms of suburbanization, including migration from urban to rural areas and to exurbs.

In a similar vein, some demographers have described the rural rebound, and the newest waves of suburbanization, as a form of ethnic balkanization, in which different ethnic groups not only whites sort themselves into racially homogeneous communities.

These phenomena, however, are not so clearly driven by the restrictive policies, laws, and practices that drove the white flight of the first half of the century. A Suburban Neighborhood : Suburban neighborhoods often feature large, manicured lawns. Cities are dynamic places—they grow, shrink, and change. Sociologists have developed different theories for thinking about how urban populations change. The growth machine theory of urban growth says urban growth is driven by a coalition of interest groups who all benefit from continuous growth and expansion.

First articulated by Molotch in , growth machine theory took the dominant convention of studying urban land use and turned it on its head. The field of urban sociology had been dominated by the idea that cities were basically containers for human action, in which actors competed among themselves for the most strategic parcels of land, and the real estate market reflected the state of that competition.

Growth machine theory reversed the course of urban theory by pointing out that land parcels were not empty fields awaiting human action, but were associated with specific interests—commercial, sentimental, and psychological.

In other words, city residents were not simply competing for parcels of land; they were also trying to fulfill their particular interests and achieve specific goals. In particular, cities are shaped by the real estate interests of people whose properties gain value when cities grow.

Whether explained by older theories of natural processes or by growth machine theory, the fact of urban growth is undeniable: throughout the twentieth century, cities have grown rapidly. In some cases, that growth has been poorly controlled, resulting in a phenomenon known as urban sprawl. Urban sprawl entails the growth of a city into low-density and auto-dependent rural land, high segregation of land use e. As a result, residents must use an automobile.

Urban sprawl tends to include low population density: single family homes on large lots instead of apartment buildings, single story or low-rise buildings instead of high-rises, extensive lawns and surface parking lots, and so on. Critics of urban sprawl argue that it creates an inhospitable urban environment and that it encroaches on rural land, potentially driving up land prices and displacing farmers or other rural residents. Urban sprawl is also associated with negative environmental and public health effects, many of which are related to automobile dependence: increases in personal transportation costs, air pollution and reliance on fossil fuel, increases in traffic accidents, delays in emergency medical services response times, and decreases in land and water quantity and quality.

Some have suggested that urban sprawl is driven by consumer preference; people prefer to live in lower density, quieter, more private communities that they perceive as safer and more relaxed than urban neighborhoods. Such preferences echo a common strain of criticism of urban life, which tends to focus on urban decay. According to these critics, urban decay is caused by the excessive density and crowding of cities, and it drives out residents, creating the conditions for urban sprawl. An alternative theory suggests that density does not cause crime, and crime does not cause people to leave the city; when people leave, city neighborhoods are abandoned and neglected, resulting in crime and decay.

Anticipating decay, people likewise fail to maintain their own properties. Cities have responded to urban decay and urban sprawl by launching urban renewal programs.

Two specific types of urban renewal programs—New Urbanism and smart growth—attempt to make cities more pleasant and livable. Smart growth programs draw urban growth boundaries to keep urban development dense and compact. In addition to increasing the density of cities, urban growth boundaries can protect the surrounding farmland and wild areas. Smart growth programs often incorporate transit-oriented development goals to encourage effective public transit systems and make bicyclers and pedestrians more comfortable.

New Urbanism is an urban design movement that promotes walkable neighborhoods with a range of housing options and job types. As an approach to urban planning, it encompasses principles such as traditional neighborhood design and transit-oriented development. A neighborhood designed along New Urbanist principles would have a discernible center such as a square or a green with a transit stop nearby. Most homes would be within a five-minute walk of the center and would provide a variety of housing options, including houses, row houses, and apartments to encourage the mixing of younger and older people, singles and families, and poor and wealthy.

Broken windows : Broken windows in Detroit signal urban decay. Privacy Policy. Skip to main content. Population and Urbanization. Search for:. Urbanization and the Development of Cities. The Earliest Cities Early cities arose in a number of regions, and are thought to have developed for reasons of agricultural productivity and economic scale.

Learning Objectives Summarize the various beginnings of cities, from centers of agriculture to areas of protection, and the factors they need to be successful. Cities reduced transport costs for goods, people, and ideas by bringing them all together in one spot. Preindustrial Cities Preindustrial cities had important political and economic functions and evolved to become well-defined political units.

Learning Objectives Examine the growth of preindustrial cities as political units, as well as how trade routes allowed certain cities to expand and grow. They offered freedom from rural obligations to lord and community.

In the early modern era, larger capital cities benefited from new trade routes and grew even larger. Key Terms lord : A titled nobleman or aristocrat rural obligations : For people during the medieval era, cities offered a newfound freedom from rural obligations. City residence brought freedom from customary rural obligations to lord and community. Preindustrial cities : While ancient cities may have arisen organically as trading centers, preindustrial cities evolved to become well defined political units.

Industrial Cities During the industrial era, cities grew rapidly and became centers of population growth and production. Learning Objectives Discuss the problems urbanization created for newly formed cities.

Key Takeaways Key Points Rapid growth brought urban problems, and industrial-era cities were rife with dangers to health and safety. Poor sanitation and communicable diseases were among the greatest causes of death among urban working class populations. In the 19th century, better sanitation led to improved health conditions. Key Terms industrial cities : Rapid growth brought urban problems, and industrial-era cities were rife with dangers to health and safety.

Quickly expanding industrial cities could be quite deadly, full of contaminated water and air, and communicable diseases. The Structure of Cities Urban structure is the arrangement of land use, explained using different models.

Learning Objectives Analyze, using human ecology theory, the similarities and differences between the various urban structure models, such as grid model, sectoral model and concentric ring model, among others. Key Takeaways Key Points In the grid model of cities, land is divided by streets that run at right angles to each other, forming a grid. This model promotes development. The concentric ring model describes the city as an ecosystem in which residents sort themselves into a series of rings based on class and occupation.

Urban structure can also describe the location of the central business district, industrial parks, or urban open spaces. The sectoral model says the city develops in wedge-shaped sectors instead of rings: certain areas of a city are more attractive for various activities, which flourish and expand outward in a wedge.

The multiple nuclei model assumes that car ownership granted people more mobility and led the the development of specialized regional centers within cities. The irregular pattern model was developed to better explain urban structure in the Third World.

It attempts to model the lack of planning or construction found in many rapidly built Third World cities. Key Terms central business district : The central area of a city in which a concentration of certain retail and business activities takes place, especially in older cities with rail transportation.

Human Ecology : Human ecology described the city as analogous to an ecosystem, with natural processes of adaptation and assimilation. The Process of Urbanization Urbanization is the process of a population shift from rural areas to cities, often motivated by economic factors. Learning Objectives Analyze the proces of urbanization and its effects on economics and the environment in society. Key Takeaways Key Points Urbanization may be driven by local and global economic and social changes, and is generally a product of modernization and industrialization.

Urbanization has economic and environmental effects. Economically, urbanization drives up prices, especially real estate, which can force original residents to move to less-desirable neighborhoods. Recently in developed countries, sociologists have observed suburbanization and counterurbanization, or movement away from cities, which may be driven by transportation infrastructure, or social factors like racism.

Key Terms suburbanization : A term used to describe the growth of areas on the fringes of major cities; one of the many causes of the increase in urban sprawl.

Urban Patterns The U. Census Bureau classifies areas as urban or rural based on population size and density. Key Takeaways Key Points Different agencies and individuals define urban in different ways, but the U. The U. Key Terms population density : The average number of people who live on each square mile or kilometer of land.

The Rural Rebound During the s and again in the s, the rural population rebounded in what appeared to be a reversal of urbanization. Learning Objectives Explain the rural rebound and how it contributes to the suburbanization of society. Irrigation Explanation: One of the innovations that most directly led to the development of the first city-states was that of irrigation. Answer from: hixcatt Agricultural development.

Once people could farm and produce their own food in one place, they began to settle around their farms. Answer from: makayla Irrigation system directly led to the development of city states.

Answer from: theylovelillexx It was primarily the development of agriculture that led to the development of the first city states, since this allowed for there to be a surplus of food, which allowed people to have labor specialization.

Answer from: slavenkaitlynn. Answer from: slugmilk Another question on History. Fascism's stress on the greatness of the nation may have appealed to germans who were struggling with high inflation o anxious to recover from the devastation of war angry and humiliated by the harsh treatment germany received after world war i done. Need answer and this a part 1 to this math hw spam. In order for his speech to accomplish its purpose, johnson essentially needed to a. Julie printed out a picture of each of the five members of her favorite band to decorate her bedroom door.

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