Zwingli and Luther met at Marburg in in an attempt to unite the Protestant faiths. This meeting failed to do this. Both men could not reach an agreement on what Christ said at the Last Supper. Such disunity among the Protestant faiths only served to encourage the Catholic Church that the Counter-Reformation was having an impact.
Though Zurich became a stronghold of Protestantism, the areas surrounding the city remained wary of a resurgent Catholic Church.
They also feared that Zurich might become too powerful and assert its city powers within these regions. In an age when priests were often unfamiliar with the Scriptures, Zwingli became enamored with it, first after purchasing a copy of Erasmus's New Testament Latin translation. He began teaching himself Greek, bought a copy of Erasmus's Greek New Testament, and started memorizing long passages.
In he began preaching from the New Testament regularly. Privately Zwingli also started challenging the customs of medieval Christendom he thought unbiblical.
He had struggled with clerical celibacy for some time and even admitted that as a young priest, he'd had an affair. In he secretly married. That same year, he broke the traditional Lenten fast by eating sausages in public and wrote against fasting. By he was ready to take his ideas to a larger audience, and in January he did just that before the Zurich City Council at what is now called the First Disputation.
The Second Disputation came in October, and with further approval from the council, more reforms were carried out: images of Jesus, Mary, and the saints were removed from the churches; the Bible was to have preeminence. Things moved rapidly after that. In he wedded his wife publicly, insisting that pastors had the right to marry. Without the money gained from this practice, the Forest Cantons believed they would be unable to purchase the grain necessary to feed the inhabitants of their mountainous states.
To make matters worse, the Protestant Cantons began to blockade the shipment of grain into the Catholic regions, in order to compel them to accept the spread of Protestantism in their territories. Zwingli opposed this policy and asserted that it would be wiser to go to war with the Catholic regions than to subject them to slow starvation. Driven to desperation, the Catholic Cantons decided to go to war against the Protestants. They launched their attack upon the center of Protestantism in Switzerland, Canton Zurich, in early October, The Protestant Cantons had signed a military alliance the Christian Civic Union to protect themselves from just such a development, but they were not prepared for war, and their were deep internal divisions among the Protestants.
In the years prior to the outbreak of what is generally termed the Second Kappel War in October, , Zwingli had dreamed of creating a European-wide alliance against the Hapsburgs and had even believed that Catholic France under King Francis I would join this alliance. These schemes were extremely unrealistic and demonstrate the limited understanding which Zwingli had of the diplomatic situation in Europe and how he underestimated the dislike of Catholic rulers like Francis I for the teachings of Protestantism.
In pursuit of these hopes and with the encouragement of the Landgrave Philip of Hesse, he had also sought an alliance with the Protestant princes in Germany. The condition for such an alliance was theological agreement between the Swiss Cantons which were Protestant and the Lutheran territorial states. This basic disagreement prevented an alliance with the Lutheran states. Except for Berne, the Swiss Protestants did not make an alliance with Hesse, Strassburg, and Constance which were not part of the Swiss Confederacy, but the Protestant Swiss were in fact isolated at a time when the Hapsburgs stood squarely behind the Catholic Cantons as fellow members of the Christian Alliance.
Zwingli also miscalculated the situation in Switzerland. Berne was the key to the Protestant alliance, the Christian Civic Union, because it was the major military Canton of the old Confederacy. Zwingli had depended upon his friend in Berne, Nicholas Manuel, to keep control of affairs in Berne and to keep the city firmly in the Protestant alliance. Manuel died in March, , and Zwingli lost touch with the situation in Berne. The majority of the Bernese favored a policy of westward expansion at the expense of the Duke of Savoy and an alliance with France.
They were also not enthusiastic about going to war with the Catholic Cantons, because they felt this would only strengthen Zurich by adding to her territory and military power. When the Catholic offensive began, Zurich was at first alone. In response to this, the Roman Catholic church convened the Council of Trent in November of in an attempt to counter the doctrines raised and supported by the Reformers.
The Protestant Reformation was the 16th-century religious, political, intellectual and cultural upheaval that splintered Catholic Europe, setting in place the structures and beliefs that would define the continent in the modern era. John Calvin never met Martin Luther ; indeed, they never communicated directly.
Calvinism is based on the belief that individuals do not have a choice in who obtains salvation because it is predestined. No one has the ability to change that. Lutheranism is founded on the belief that salvation has nothing to do with predestination but is acquired instead by faith. In the Protestant Reformation, the doctrine of transubstantiation became a matter of much controversy. Martin Luther held that "It is not the doctrine of transubstantiation which is to be believed, but simply that Christ really is present at the Eucharist".
The desired outcome for the meeting was unity within the Protestant world so that it presented a united front to the Catholic Church. Early Reformed theologians such as John Calvin and Huldrych Zwingli rejected the medieval belief in transubstantiation, that the bread and wine of the Eucharist change into Christ's body and blood, but taught that Christ's person, including his body and blood, are presented to Christians who partake of it in faith.
They both called for the reform of church doctrines and practices, and advocated the elimination of many elements of the Catholic faith and worship. Swiss Reformation. As in Germany, the Reformation began in Switzerland as a religious renewal movement and ended in a deep political division between the progressive cities of northern and western Switzerland and the conservative rural areas of central Switzerland.
Luther believed this because he thought one should ask God what to do for sins rather than just do good works. Calvin believed this because he thought people were already chosen for salvation so good works would make no difference.
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