Litter Box Care Guidelines. Nail Trims for Kittens. Neuter Slideshow of Cats. Neutering your Male Cat. Pilling a Cat. Roundworms in Cats and Kittens. Senior Cats' Health Issues. Spaying your Female Cat. Training Your Cat to Use the Carrier. Body Language of Cats. Feline House-soiling. Getting your Cat into a Carrier. Human Directed Aggression in Cats. Inappropriate Elimination. Inappropriate Elimination House-Soiling in Cats.
Introducing the New Baby to Your Cat. Mealtime Enrichment for Cats. Territorial Marking in Cats. Acupuncture for Laminitis in Horses.
Arthritis in Horses. Arthritis Treatment in Horses. Back Pain in Horses. Barometric Pressure and Colic. Bleeding in the Lungs of Endurance Horses. Botulism is Being Seen more Frequently in Horses.
Breeding-Induced Endometritis in Horses. Canker in a Horse's Hoof. Capped Elbow Treatment Difficult in Horses. Chronic Diarrhea in Horses. Chronic Hoof Abscesses in Horses. Chronic Progressive Lymphedema in Draft Horses. Coffin Bone Tumor in a Horse. Colic in Horses is Not a Disease. Colic Update in Horses. Colic: Waiting for the Veterinarian.
Cortisone and Laminitis in Horses. Cryptorchid Stallions. Cryptorchid Testicle Descent in Horses. Cutaneous Lymphangitis in Horses. Decreased Sweating in Horses. Dental Abnormality Frequency in Horses. Diagnosing Asthma in Horses. Diarrhea in Newborn Foals. Equine Recurrent Uveitis in Horses. Excessive Tearing in Horses. Eye Issues in Foals. Feeding to Prevent Colic in Horses. Flying Insect Allergy in Horses.
Foal Diarrhea Caused by Lawsonia. Foot Injuries in Horses. Gastric Ulcers in Horses. Heart Murmurs in Horses. Herpes Virus in Horses. Hindlimb Suspensory Ligament Disease in Horses. Hock Arthrodesis with Ethyl Alcohol in Horses. Hoof Abscess Treatment in a Horse.
Hoof Pain Treatment in Horses. Hoof Wall Cracks in Horses. Hyperinsulinemia in Horses. Impaction Colic in Horses. Inhalant Allergies and Pruritus in Horses. Initial Management of a Colicky Horse. Kissing Spines in Horses is Hereditary. Laceration Treatment to the Horse's Hoof Wall. Lameness Evaluation in Horses. Lower Leg Problems in Newborn Foals. Moon Blindness Recurrent Uveitis in Horses. Muscular Disorders in Athletic Horses. Nasal Discharge in Horses. Navicular Lameness Heel Pain in Horses.
Neck Pain in Horses. Necrotic Vaginitis in Horses and Donkeys. Neonatal Isoerythrolysis in Foals. Neurological Problems in Horses. Nitrate and Nitrite Poisoning in Horses. Ocular Disease in Horses. Oral Ulcers in Horses. Palmar Foot Pain in Horses. Palmar Foot Pain Treatment. Parasite Resistance in Horses.
Pastern and Heel Dermatitis in Horses. Pastern Dermatitis in Horses. Pastern Dermatitis in Horses Caused by Mites. Pastern Lacerations in Horses. Physitis in Young Horses. Pigeon Fever in Horses. Pinworms in Horses. Piroplasmosis and How to Protect your Horse. Piroplasmosis in Horses. Placentitis in Mares. Potomac Horse Fever Sometimes Fatal. Preventing and Controlling Mange in Horses. Preventing Contagious Diseases in Horses.
Preventing Enteroliths in Horses. Proximal Suspensory Ligament Injury in Horses. Pythiosis in Horses. Rabies in Horses. Rain Scald and Ringworm in Horses. Rattlesnake Bites' Effect on Horses' Hearts. Recurrent Colic in Horses. Rein Lameness in Horses. Research on Gastric Ulcers in Horses.
Rhodococcus equi in Foals. Rhodococcus Pneumonia Uncommon in Horses. Ringworm in Horses. Sacroiliac Pain in Horses. Sarcoid Skin Tumor Treatment in Horses. Seasonal Pasture Myopathy in Horses. Septic Metritis in Mares. Shivers in Horses. Sinus Disease in Horses. Skin Disease in Horses. Skin Tumors in Horses. Sleep Disorders in Horses. Slobbers in Horses. Small Airway Inflammatory Disease in Horses. Splint Bone Disease in Horses.
Splint Bone Fractures in Horses. Squamous Cell Carcinoma in a Horse's Eyelid. Staph Pyoderma and Pruritus in Horses. Stomach Ulcers in Donkeys. Strangles Infections in Horses. Strep Immune-Mediated Myopathies in Horses. Subcutaneous Emphysema in Horses. Subsolar Bruising in Horses. Summer Sores are around a Horse's Eye. Supplement Effectiveness on Equine Stomach Ulcers. Suspensory Ligament Injuries in Horses. Tendon Injury Treatments for Horses. Treating Clubfoot in Horses. Tying up in Quarter Horses and Other Breeds.
Upward Fixation of the Patella is Common in Horses. Vesicular Stomatitis in Horses and Cattle. Viral Arteritis in Horses. Viral Respiratory Disease in Horses. White Line Disease in Horses. Wounds between the Horse's Foreleg and Chest. Banamine Use in Horses. Adequan and Polyglycan in Horses. Adopting an Orphan Foal. Altering a Horse's Tail and the Ethics behind It.
Aquatic Therapy for Horses. Artificial Insemination Techniques for Horses. Ban on Soring Horses. Bandaging Horse's Legs. Barefoot Versus Shod Horses. Barn Construction for Horses. Barn Effect on Performance Horses. Best Grazing Time for Horses. Blanketing your Horse in Winter. Blood Builders in Performance Horses. Blood Loss from Lacerations in Horses. Blood Transfusions for Horses. Breeding a Performance Mare. Breeding the Older Maiden Mare. Broodmare Management.
Calming Drugs for Horses. Change your Horse's Diet Slowly. Choosing Hay for Horses. Cleaning and Disinfecting Horse Stalls and Trailers. Cold Therapy to Prevent Laminitis in Horses. Complications of Equine Castration. Conditioning Horses on Water Treadmills. Contagious Disease Prevention in Horses. Corona Virus Testing in Horses. CPR in Foals. CPR in New-borne Foals. Deciding to Breed your Mare. Decreasing Antibiotic Resistance in Horses.
Decreasing Horse Colic in Winter. Dehydration and Electrolyte Loss in Horses. Dental Needs Change as Horses Age. Determining the Health of your Horse. Dewormer Resistance Increasing in Horses. Dietary Tips for Hauling Horses. Differences in Horse Sweat.
Digestion in Foals. Digestion in Horses. Digestion of Forage by Horses. Disease Protection at Horse Shows. Disposal of Used Needles in a Horse Barn. Donkey Basics. Dormosedan Gel Use in Horses. Dust Management in your Riding Arena. Electrolyte Supplementation in Horses. Embryo Transfer in Mares. Emergency Care for Horses. Equine Nutrition. Equine Psychology. Equioxx vs.
Previcox in Horses. Estrous Cycle Control in Mares. Examining your Horse's Foot. Exercise and Sweat in Horses. Exercising Mares in Early Pregnancy. Extra Label Drug Use in Horses. Extreme Heat Care for Horses. Factors Affecting Pregnancy in Performance Mares. Farriers and Difficult Horses. Feeding a New Horse. Feeding Alfalfa to Horses. Feeding Beet Pulp to Horses.
Feeding Bran Mashes to Horses. Feeding Bread to Horses. Feeding Concentrate to Horses. Feeding Corn to Horses. Feeding Donkeys and Mules. Feeding Horses During and after Colic. Feeding Horses with a Hay Net. Feeding Horses with Pasture-Associated Laminitis. Feeding Recommendations for Miniature Horses. Feeding Strategies for Senior Horses. Feeding the Lean Lactating Mare at Weaning. Feeding Your Horse. First Aid for Horses. Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalance in Endurance Horses.
Fluphenazine Reactions in Horses. Genetic Testing for Equine Diseases. Guttural Pouch Infections in Horses. Hard Surface Impacts on Horse's Limbs. Hay and Asthma in Horses. Hay Damaged by Rain for Horses and Cattle. Hay Replacement Options for Horses. Hay Storage Tips. Hay Waste for Horses Affected by Feeders. Heat Problems in Horses. Herpes Virus Vaccination in Horses. High Potassium Levels in Horses.
High-Starch Diets and Horse Reactivity. Hoof Care in Horses. Horse Hay and Pasture Testing for the Winter. How Often Should you Bathe your Horse? Increase Horse's Water Consumption in the Winter. Influenza Vaccination in Horses. Infrared Thermography for Diagnosing Lameness in Horses. Injecting Alcohol into Horse's Hock Joints. Injuries in Horses. The possible role of several bat fly species Nycteribiidae as Bartonella vectors has been studied.
It remains a subject of debate, but a reservoir function should be considered in addition to pathogenic, parasitic, or mutualistic interactions Morse et al. Persichetti et al. Similarly, Regier et al. Whether this observation implies a role for ticks in the transmission of both Bartonella spp. Recently Mazurek et al. DNA in dogs from households where cats with clinical bartonellosis were kept. The results indicated that cats serve as a Bartonella reservoir for dogs, and the dogs can play the same role with regard to humans.
Three other species, B. In addition, B vinsonii subsp. In the infected cat, Bartonella inhabits red blood cells, which are ingested by the flea and survive in its gut. A cat scratch is the common mode of transmission of the organism to other animals, including humans Chomel et al.
Bartonella henselae was experimentally transmitted among cats by transferring fleas fed on naturally infected cats to SPF cats, and by intradermal inoculation of excrement collected from fleas fed on B. This has demonstrated that both the vector and the cat - through scratches - may transmit the organism.
Infection is amplified in the flea hindgut, and B. Blood transfusion also represents a risk: cats have been experimentally infected with B. Bartonella henselae transmission did not occur when infected cats lived together with uninfected cats in a flea-free environment. Transmission consequently does not occur through bites, scratches in the absence of fleas, grooming, or sharing of litter boxes and food dishes. Furthermore, transmission could not be demonstrated between bacteraemic female cats and uninfected males during mating, or to the kittens of infected females either during gestation or in the neonatal period, again in flea-free environments Guptill et al.
Ticks may also act as vectors for transmission among cats, human beings, dogs, and other mammalian hosts: transstadial transmission of B. Chronic bacteraemia mainly occurs in cats under the age of 2 years Guptill et al. Young experimentally infected cats maintained relapsing B. Immune system avoidance due to its intracellular location, frequent genetic rearrangements and alteration of outer membrane proteins are considered important for the maintenance of persistent bacteraemia. The location within erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells is believed to protect Bartonellae from antimicrobial agents.
Cats can be re-infected by different strains of Bartonella Guptill, Cats naturally infected with Bartonella spp. Both experimental and natural infection studies have tried to establish an association between clinical signs and infection, but a link has not been unequivocally proven.
Exposure to infected fleas does not result in clinical signs Chomel et al. In some cases of experimental inoculation, a self-limiting febrile disease, transient mild anaemia, localized or generalized lymphadenopathy, mild neurologic signs and reproductive failure have been reported Kordick et al. In these animals, pyogranulomatous inflammation was seen in the lung, liver, spleen, kidney, heart Figure 1 and lymphoid tissue at necropsy Guptill et al. Fig 1. Gross and histological findings in two cats from North Carolina shelter that had died after a litter of flea-infested kittens was introduced to the shelter.
Macrophages, with a rare multinucleated giant cell arrow are particularly numerous at the upper left of the image. Inset: cluster of short bacilli in an inflammatory focus are immunoreactive brown for B.
Reproduced with permission from Varanat et al. The role of Bartonella in causing clinical signs in cats after natural infection is even more unclear. Studies based on antibody detection are of limited value, because antibody only proves exposure, but not necessarily active infection. Moreover, there is cross reactivity between different Bartonella species that may or may not cause clinical signs.
Because of the high percentage of infected healthy cats in endemic areas, an association between clinical signs and B. It has been suggested that Bartonella infection could play a role in chronic gingivostomatitis, Ueno et al.
Cats positive for both FIV and Bartonella antibodies had an increased risk of lymphadenopathy Ueno et al. An association between anti- Bartonella antibodies and urinary tract disease or haematuria has been suggested Glaus et al. Pearce et al. No difference in Bartonella antibody prevalence was found between healthy cats and cats affected by uveitis Fontenelle et al.
No difference in Bartonella PCR prevalence was found in cats affected by anaemia compared to control cats Ishak et al. Prevalence of anti- Bartonella antibodies was lower in cats with fever compared to afebrile controls, but the former had a higher blood DNA positivity approaching statistical significance Lappin et al.
Moreover, a unique, identical B. A study based on serology and culture did not find an association between Bartonella infection and chronic rhinosinusitis Berryessa et al. There was also no association found between Bartonella infection and pancreatitis, because cats with normal fPLI values and cats with elevated fPLI values did not show any difference in Bartonella prevalence Bayliss et al. Since , many Bartonella species have been associated with endocarditis in humans and dogs Breitschwerdt et al.
Some research groups have looked for Bartonella in cats with endocarditis, an uncommon problem in cats. Aortic and fatal mitral valve B. Also, B. Myocarditis caused by B. Echocardiography and electrocardiography respectively evidenced ventricular asymmetrical myocardial thickening with a diffusely mottled hypoechoic echotexture and a left bundle branch block.
After a positive blood PCR test for B. Lameness and pain during limb palpation were observed in a cat affected by recurrent osteomyelitis and polyarthritis associated with B.
In conclusion, most cats naturally infected by B. The antibody response to B. The kinetics in response to B. The extent of serologic cross-reactivity to other Bartonella species needs to be clarified. Reinfection by a different strain of B. Antibodies are therefore considered not protective, and Bartonella spp. Bartonella laboratory testing is required for feline blood donors, for pet cats belonging to immunosuppressed persons, or when a human Bartonella -related disease is diagnosed in a person that lives with cats or has contact with cats.
Most cats are treated with a round of antibiotics, go back for a follow-up test a few months later, and exhibit no further problems. Fortunately, bartonella is not a deadly disease, but it is still one that pet parents should be aware of and know how to prevent. The name of feline bartonella may lead you to believe that only cats can get it, but the rest of the family is also vulnerable. Unfortunately, bartonella is a zoonotic disease, meaning it can be transmitted from cats to humans by scratching, biting or petting.
The Centers for Disease Control recommends that immunocompromised people, such as young children or the elderly, avoid playing with young cats, because these humans are more likely to contract the disease. However, all cats can carry feline bartonella, so if someone who lives in your home has a sensitive immune system, they should be cautious around possibly infected cats.
Dogs don't groom themselves like cats do and are at less of a risk, but they can still contract this illness from their furry sibling or pick up diseased ticks independently. If anyone in your home is scratched or bitten by a cat, make sure they wash the area immediately and keep it clean.
The name "cat scratch fever" or "cat scratch disease" can help you remember that the disease can be transferred from any broken skin. If a scratch turns red and swollen, seek medical attention. This disease can still be transmitted without a bite or scratch. If you or someone in your house has any of these symptoms, they should talk to their physician and consider being tested for feline bartonella or any other strand of bartonella that may be common to your area:.
You don't have to have all these symptoms to consider being tested for a tick-borne illness. If your test does return a positive result, the good news is that this disease is not typically dangerous to humans, but it may require antibiotic treatment.
One other thing to remember is that if your cat has tested positive for feline bartonella and doesn't bite or scratch you , it's important to wash your hands and be cautious about petting your cat until they are completely CSD-free! If your cat tests positive for feline bartonella and has to go on antibiotics, you may find that administering medication and dealing with a cranky kitty can be a bit overwhelming.
Here are some tips to help the treatment process go as smoothly as possible:. Feline bartonella may cause some trouble for you and your pet, but it is a disease that can be quickly identified with a blood test, and most treatments only take about two to three weeks.
If someone asks you "Is cat scratch fever real? Select Your Region. Facebook Twitter Pinterest Instagram Youtube. As used herein, denotes registered trademark status in the U. Your use of this site is subject to the terms of our Legal Statement. About our Ads. Cookie Consent Tool. Belgium - Belgique. Brazil - Brasil. Canada English. Costa Rica. Croatia - Hrvatska. Denmark - Danmark. Finland - Suomi.
0コメント